A groundbreaking study published in *American Antiquity* reveals that Native American hunter-gatherers were creating and using bone dice, known as 'binary lots,' over 12,000 years ago. This predates the oldest known dice from Bronze Age societies in the Old World by several millennia. Conducted by Colorado State University Ph.D. student Robert J. Madden, the research shows that these dice were not mere byproducts but carefully designed tools used for structured games of chance. The oldest examples were found in Late Pleistocene Folsom-period sites across Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico. The study introduces a new morphological test to identify ancient dice, resulting in the classification of over 600 diagnostic and probable dice from various archaeological periods. This research redefines the origins of probability, indicating that ancient Native Americans engaged in repeatable, rule-based games of chance long before similar practices emerged in complex societies. The findings underscore the significant social roles these games played, fostering interactions and alliances among diverse groups throughout history.