The Indian Union government reported an excess expenditure of ₹54,067.45 crore beyond what Parliament had approved for the fiscal year 2022-23, primarily driven by debt repayments. Out of this excess, ₹53,871 crore (over 99%) was allocated for debt repayment, while the railways accounted for ₹196.45 crore in capital expenditure. This information was revealed in a report by the Public Accounts Committee (PAC), which also noted that the excess spending requires Parliament's approval for regularization. Despite receiving supplementary grants totaling over ₹70,762 crore, actual spending exceeded the budgeted amounts, raising concerns about the accuracy of budget estimates and expenditure control. The PAC highlighted the need for improved fiscal discipline and better forecasting of liabilities, urging ministries to adopt data-driven systems for tracking expenditures. The report also noted that the Department of Defence Services maintained fiscal discipline by not incurring excess expenditure for the third consecutive year. Overall, the PAC's findings underscore the importance of adhering to the General Financial Rules, 2017, to ensure government spending remains within authorized limits.